The First World War
The First World War was fought between the years 1914-1918. It resulted in the loss of human life and destruction of property. The war made people realize the importance of maintaining peace and led to the formation of League of Nations.
The League of Nations
The League of Nations was a peace organization formed in 1920 after the First World War [1914-1918] with the objective of maintaining peaceful relations among countries. It failed to work and led to the outbreak of Second World War.
The Second World War
The Second World War was fought between the years 1939-1945.It caused greater destruction and loss of life than the First World War. It ended with the atom bombing on Japan with horrifying effects. People’s fear of Third World War resulted in a sincere effort to form an organization to maintain peace in the World.
THE ATLANTIC CHARTER
When the Second World War was on the former President Franklin Roosevelt of America and former Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Great Britain met on a battle ship off Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean and came up with the idea of forming an international organization that would work for the cause of world peace.
They signed a documet called the Atlantic Charter. It was agreed that when the war ended humans must be granted the basic rights or for freedoms.
1. Freedom from want
2. Freedom of speech
3. Freedom of religious belief
4. Freedom from fear
THE SAN FRANCISCO CONFERENCE
The San Francisco Conference was held in June 1945. At this conference the Charter of the United Nations was prepared and ratified by fifty one nations including India. [Poland came in later]
Why was the United Nations established?
The United Nations was established to save the succeding generations from the scourage of war and to reaafirm faith in fundamental human rights
Which day is celebrated as the UN day and why?
24thOctober 1945 is celebrated as United Nations Day because on this day the Charter containing the functions and principles of the United Nations came into effect.
Name any five original signatories of the UN Charter.
Britain, France, USA, USSR, India
Name the six official languages of the United Nations.
The six official languages of the United Nations are:
English French Spanish Russian Chinese Arabic
Where are the United Nations headquarters located?
New York.
Describe the UN flag?
The UN flag depicts two bent olive branches which are open at the top and in between there is a world map on a light blue background. The branches of the wreath symbolize peace.
How is the United Nations financed? How is the contribution determined?
The United Nations is financed by the contributions made by its member states.
The wealthier nations pay more than the poorer ones.
The General Assembly determines the contribution made by Member Nations.
List the objectives of the United Nations. What do they imply?
2. To develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of equaliry
3. To achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian Problems
4. To promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the People of the world
5. To act as a common Platform for harmonizing the activities of various nations for the attainment of the objectives of the UN
6. To save succeeding generations from the scourge of War which has twice brought sufferings to humans
This implies that all nations big or small are equal, they must all obey the Charter. All disputes must be settled peacefullyand no force should be used.
Name the six organs of the United Nations.
The UN has six main organs:
1. The General Assembly
2. The Security Council
3. The Economic and Social Council
4. The Trusteeship Council
5. The International Court ofJustice
6. The Secretarait
The UN headquarters consists of several buildings along the East River in New York Gity. On the grounds of the UN headquarters stands the sculpture, 'Let us beat swords into ploughshares', sculpted by the Russian sculptor, Yevgeny Vuchetich and it expresses the main goal of the UN
With reference to the General Assembly answer the following questions:
What is the UN General Assembly composed of?
The United Nations General Assembly is composed of all its 192 member nations.
What are the entitlements of a General Assembly Member Nation?
· Each member state can send five representatives
· Each member state is entitled to one vote.
The General Assembly works like a World Parliament. Comment
The General Assembly works like a World Parliament. It meets annually to raise, discuss and recommend on international issues.
How often does the General assembly meet?
The General Assembly meets once every year; speciall sessions are held in times of crisis.
What are the issues dealt with in the General Assembly?
The General Assemble deals with issues of international importance. These issues are raised, discussed and recommendations are made.
How are resolutions passed in the General Assembly?
All international issues are decided and resolutions passed by simple majority. Some important cases require two thirds majority.
State the functions of the General Assembly.
The functions of the General Assembly are:
1. To discuss and recommend solutions on international issues.
2. To recommend peaceful settlements of disputes
3. To consider and approve UN budget
4. To elect the non permanent members of the Security Council, Members of Economic and Social Council and Members of Trusteeship Council
5. To supervise the work of other organs of the UN
6. To make recommendations for collective measures including the use of armed forces during a crisis. [uniting for peace resolution]
Name the elective function of the General Assembly.
The UN General Assembly elects
· The non permanent members of the Security Council
· Members of Economic and Social Council
· Members of Trusteeship Council
What is the Security Council? How often does the Security Council meet?
The Security Council is an important organ of the UN which is also called the enforcement wing of the UN. The Security Council meets as and when the need arises.
State the number of permanent and non–permanent members of The Security Council.
The United Nations Security Council has fifteen members-
· Five permanent-USA, UK, France, People’s Republic of China and Russian Federation
· Ten non-permanent members elected by the General assembly for a period of two years
How are the permanent members of the Security Council different from its non-permanent members?
Why is the Security Council the most important organ of the UN?
The Security Council is the most important organ of the UN because it has the primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security.
Explain the term Veto. What is Right to Veto?
Veto is the right to reject a decision or proposal.
The right to veto is the power vested in five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council -USA, UK, France, People’s Republic of China and Russian Federation. It is the negative vote by any one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council which leads to the cancellation of Resolution.
What happens if a resolution becaomes ineffective due to Veto?
If a resolution becaomes ineffective due to veto, then the General Assssembly deals with the crisis and takes appropriate to restore and maintain world peace.
State the two functions of the Security Council.
The Security Council is the most important organ of the UN as it has the primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security. Its functions are to
· To examine disputes between countries and settle them peacefully
· To call on memebr nations to apply economic sanctions against the aggresor
· To take military action against the aggresor if necessary
With reference to the ECOSOC answer the following questions:
How are the members of the ECOSOC elected?
The ECOSOC has fifty four members who are elected by the United Nations General Assembly for a term of three years. The General Assembly elects eighteen members every year.
List the functions of the ECOSOC.
The economic and Social Council is an organ of the United Nation. It takes care of the economic social cultural activities of the UN.
Its functions are:
1. To promote economic groth and social progress
2. It works to solve problems related to health, illeteracy, drugs, employment, status of women and children.
3. It promotes human rights of people
4. It supervises the works of UN Specialized Agencies as WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, ILO and FAO
Name the two UN agencies which work under the ECOSOC.
WHO World health Organization
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
With reference to the Trusteeship Council answer the following questions:
Why was the Trusteeship Council formed?
The Trusteeship Council was formed to help countries which were under foreign rule to gain independence and attain self government.
How often does the Trusteeship Council meet?
The Trusteeship Council meets only when it is required.
How are the judges of the International Court of Justice elected?
International Court of Justice has fifteen judges elected by the Security Council and the General Assembly for a period of nine years. No two judges can be from the same country.
What are functions of the International Court of Justice?
The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the United Nations situated at Hague in Holland. All matters are decided in accordance with international law.
Its functions are:
1. To settle disputes among Member Nations
2. To give legal advice to other UN organs
With reference to the Secretarait answer the following questions:
What is the Secretariat?
The Secretariat is the international staff of 16OO workers at the United Nations Headquarters New York and across 17O countries of the world. These include interpreters, secrity guards and photographers.
Who is the Secretary General? How is the he appointed?
The Secretary General is an important position of the administrative head appointed by the General Assembly on recommendation of the Security Council for a period of five years.
What is the job role of the Secretary General.
The Secretary General is an important position of the administrative head appointed by the General Assembly on recommendation of the Security Council.He holds a key position in the administration of the affairs of the UN. His functions are to organize conferences, prepare drafts, reports, carry on correspondence, register treaties and prepare budget estimates.
Name the first Secretary General of United Nations. Ttygve Lie.
Present Sectretary General of UN – Ban Ki- Moon
2. India has helped to expand the membership of Security Council and admit new members to UN. e.g. China
3. India has opposed racial apartheid in South Africa
4. India took a neutral stand and followed the policy of Non alignment during the Cold War and helped reduction of tension between the two Super powers.
5. India has been apart of peace keeping operations in Congo, Cambodia.
6. India repatriated the Prisoners of War after the Korean War
7. India has sent medical missions as a part of UN aid to Gulf War
8. India has played an active role in development of UN agencies like UNICEF, UNESCO
9. Indian officials at UN
· Justice Pathak- International Court of Justice
· Shashi Tharoor- Close contender for UN General Secretary Post
2. The FAO has made the Terai region fit for cultivation and habitation, the desert region of Rajasthan fertile, set up Sheep and Wool research centre and fisheries centres in many places. It also launched the Freedom from Hunger campaign
3. The UNESCO has organized several exchange programmes for teachers, scholars and students.
4. The UNICEF has started a programme education for all.
5. ILO has introduced a programme to eliminate child labour.
6. The World Bank and IMF have given aid to Five Year Plan and Sardar Sarovar Project.
ACHIEVEMENTS OF UNITED NATIONS
2. It has supported in achievement of independence for Indonesia
3. It supported liberation of South Africa from apartheid rule.
4. It has worked for protection ohf human rights
5. It has worked to reduce Nuclear Arms Race and encouraged its use for peaceful purposes.
6. It has achieved great success in fields of labouur, health, children, disease etc
The First World War was fought between the years 1914-1918. It resulted in the loss of human life and destruction of property. The war made people realize the importance of maintaining peace and led to the formation of League of Nations.
The League of Nations
The League of Nations was a peace organization formed in 1920 after the First World War [1914-1918] with the objective of maintaining peaceful relations among countries. It failed to work and led to the outbreak of Second World War.
The Second World War
The Second World War was fought between the years 1939-1945.It caused greater destruction and loss of life than the First World War. It ended with the atom bombing on Japan with horrifying effects. People’s fear of Third World War resulted in a sincere effort to form an organization to maintain peace in the World.
THE ATLANTIC CHARTER
When the Second World War was on the former President Franklin Roosevelt of America and former Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Great Britain met on a battle ship off Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean and came up with the idea of forming an international organization that would work for the cause of world peace.
They signed a documet called the Atlantic Charter. It was agreed that when the war ended humans must be granted the basic rights or for freedoms.
1. Freedom from want
2. Freedom of speech
3. Freedom of religious belief
4. Freedom from fear
THE SAN FRANCISCO CONFERENCE
The San Francisco Conference was held in June 1945. At this conference the Charter of the United Nations was prepared and ratified by fifty one nations including India. [Poland came in later]
Why was the United Nations established?
The United Nations was established to save the succeding generations from the scourage of war and to reaafirm faith in fundamental human rights
Which day is celebrated as the UN day and why?
24thOctober 1945 is celebrated as United Nations Day because on this day the Charter containing the functions and principles of the United Nations came into effect.
Name any five original signatories of the UN Charter.
Britain, France, USA, USSR, India
Name the six official languages of the United Nations.
The six official languages of the United Nations are:
English French Spanish Russian Chinese Arabic
Where are the United Nations headquarters located?
New York.
Describe the UN flag?
The UN flag depicts two bent olive branches which are open at the top and in between there is a world map on a light blue background. The branches of the wreath symbolize peace.
How is the United Nations financed? How is the contribution determined?
The United Nations is financed by the contributions made by its member states.
The wealthier nations pay more than the poorer ones.
The General Assembly determines the contribution made by Member Nations.
List the objectives of the United Nations. What do they imply?
The objectives of the UN have been outlined in the Preamble of the UN Charter. They are:
2. To develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of equaliry
3. To achieve international cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian Problems
4. To promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the People of the world
5. To act as a common Platform for harmonizing the activities of various nations for the attainment of the objectives of the UN
6. To save succeeding generations from the scourge of War which has twice brought sufferings to humans
This implies that all nations big or small are equal, they must all obey the Charter. All disputes must be settled peacefullyand no force should be used.
Name the six organs of the United Nations.
The UN has six main organs:
1. The General Assembly
2. The Security Council
3. The Economic and Social Council
4. The Trusteeship Council
5. The International Court ofJustice
6. The Secretarait
The UN headquarters consists of several buildings along the East River in New York Gity. On the grounds of the UN headquarters stands the sculpture, 'Let us beat swords into ploughshares', sculpted by the Russian sculptor, Yevgeny Vuchetich and it expresses the main goal of the UN
With reference to the General Assembly answer the following questions:
What is the UN General Assembly composed of?
The United Nations General Assembly is composed of all its 192 member nations.
What are the entitlements of a General Assembly Member Nation?
· Each member state can send five representatives
· Each member state is entitled to one vote.
The General Assembly works like a World Parliament. Comment
The General Assembly works like a World Parliament. It meets annually to raise, discuss and recommend on international issues.
How often does the General assembly meet?
The General Assembly meets once every year; speciall sessions are held in times of crisis.
What are the issues dealt with in the General Assembly?
The General Assemble deals with issues of international importance. These issues are raised, discussed and recommendations are made.
How are resolutions passed in the General Assembly?
All international issues are decided and resolutions passed by simple majority. Some important cases require two thirds majority.
State the functions of the General Assembly.
The functions of the General Assembly are:
1. To discuss and recommend solutions on international issues.
2. To recommend peaceful settlements of disputes
3. To consider and approve UN budget
4. To elect the non permanent members of the Security Council, Members of Economic and Social Council and Members of Trusteeship Council
5. To supervise the work of other organs of the UN
6. To make recommendations for collective measures including the use of armed forces during a crisis. [uniting for peace resolution]
Name the elective function of the General Assembly.
The UN General Assembly elects
· The non permanent members of the Security Council
· Members of Economic and Social Council
· Members of Trusteeship Council
What is the Security Council? How often does the Security Council meet?
The Security Council is an important organ of the UN which is also called the enforcement wing of the UN. The Security Council meets as and when the need arises.
State the number of permanent and non–permanent members of The Security Council.
The United Nations Security Council has fifteen members-
· Five permanent-USA, UK, France, People’s Republic of China and Russian Federation
· Ten non-permanent members elected by the General assembly for a period of two years
How are the permanent members of the Security Council different from its non-permanent members?
Permanent members of the Security Council
|
Non-Permanent members of the Security Council
|
Five in number
|
Ten in number
|
Possess the right to veto
|
Do not possess the right to veto
|
Permanent membership
|
Elected by the General Assembly
|
Why is the Security Council the most important organ of the UN?
The Security Council is the most important organ of the UN because it has the primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security.
Explain the term Veto. What is Right to Veto?
Veto is the right to reject a decision or proposal.
The right to veto is the power vested in five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council -USA, UK, France, People’s Republic of China and Russian Federation. It is the negative vote by any one of the permanent members of the UN Security Council which leads to the cancellation of Resolution.
What happens if a resolution becaomes ineffective due to Veto?
If a resolution becaomes ineffective due to veto, then the General Assssembly deals with the crisis and takes appropriate to restore and maintain world peace.
State the two functions of the Security Council.
The Security Council is the most important organ of the UN as it has the primary responsibility for maintaining peace and security. Its functions are to
· To examine disputes between countries and settle them peacefully
· To call on memebr nations to apply economic sanctions against the aggresor
· To take military action against the aggresor if necessary
With reference to the ECOSOC answer the following questions:
How are the members of the ECOSOC elected?
The ECOSOC has fifty four members who are elected by the United Nations General Assembly for a term of three years. The General Assembly elects eighteen members every year.
List the functions of the ECOSOC.
The economic and Social Council is an organ of the United Nation. It takes care of the economic social cultural activities of the UN.
Its functions are:
1. To promote economic groth and social progress
2. It works to solve problems related to health, illeteracy, drugs, employment, status of women and children.
3. It promotes human rights of people
4. It supervises the works of UN Specialized Agencies as WHO, UNESCO, UNICEF, ILO and FAO
Name the two UN agencies which work under the ECOSOC.
WHO World health Organization
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
Why was the Trusteeship Council formed?
The Trusteeship Council was formed to help countries which were under foreign rule to gain independence and attain self government.
How often does the Trusteeship Council meet?
The Trusteeship Council meets only when it is required.
With reference to the International Court of Justice answer the following questions:
How are the judges of the International Court of Justice elected?
International Court of Justice has fifteen judges elected by the Security Council and the General Assembly for a period of nine years. No two judges can be from the same country.
What are functions of the International Court of Justice?
The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the United Nations situated at Hague in Holland. All matters are decided in accordance with international law.
Its functions are:
1. To settle disputes among Member Nations
2. To give legal advice to other UN organs
With reference to the Secretarait answer the following questions:
What is the Secretariat?
The Secretariat is the international staff of 16OO workers at the United Nations Headquarters New York and across 17O countries of the world. These include interpreters, secrity guards and photographers.
Who is the Secretary General? How is the he appointed?
The Secretary General is an important position of the administrative head appointed by the General Assembly on recommendation of the Security Council for a period of five years.
What is the job role of the Secretary General.
The Secretary General is an important position of the administrative head appointed by the General Assembly on recommendation of the Security Council.He holds a key position in the administration of the affairs of the UN. His functions are to organize conferences, prepare drafts, reports, carry on correspondence, register treaties and prepare budget estimates.
Name the first Secretary General of United Nations. Ttygve Lie.
Present Sectretary General of UN – Ban Ki- Moon
INDIA AND THE UNITED NATIONS
1. India has supported the freedom movements of other nations and helped underpriviliged countries. e.g. Indonesia2. India has helped to expand the membership of Security Council and admit new members to UN. e.g. China
3. India has opposed racial apartheid in South Africa
4. India took a neutral stand and followed the policy of Non alignment during the Cold War and helped reduction of tension between the two Super powers.
5. India has been apart of peace keeping operations in Congo, Cambodia.
6. India repatriated the Prisoners of War after the Korean War
7. India has sent medical missions as a part of UN aid to Gulf War
8. India has played an active role in development of UN agencies like UNICEF, UNESCO
9. Indian officials at UN
· Justice Pathak- International Court of Justice
· Shashi Tharoor- Close contender for UN General Secretary Post
UN HELP TO INDIA
1. The WHO has helped in improvemnet of public health, child care centres, eradication of diseases and scholarships for medical training2. The FAO has made the Terai region fit for cultivation and habitation, the desert region of Rajasthan fertile, set up Sheep and Wool research centre and fisheries centres in many places. It also launched the Freedom from Hunger campaign
3. The UNESCO has organized several exchange programmes for teachers, scholars and students.
4. The UNICEF has started a programme education for all.
5. ILO has introduced a programme to eliminate child labour.
6. The World Bank and IMF have given aid to Five Year Plan and Sardar Sarovar Project.
2. It has supported in achievement of independence for Indonesia
3. It supported liberation of South Africa from apartheid rule.
4. It has worked for protection ohf human rights
5. It has worked to reduce Nuclear Arms Race and encouraged its use for peaceful purposes.
6. It has achieved great success in fields of labouur, health, children, disease etc
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