UNION AND STATE LEGISLATURE
Legislature is the branch of government which functions as the law making body.
Executive
Executive is the branch of government which functions as the law enforcing body.
Judiciary
Judiciary is the branch of government which functions as the law defining and interpreting body.
Parliament=Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha
Lok Sabha
Lok Sabha is the lower house of the parliament also known as the house of people because the people elect its members directly.
Rajya Sabha
Rajya Sabha is the upper house of the parliament and is also known as the Council of states.
Secret Ballot
Secret Ballot is a system of voting where the voter’s choice is not revealed.
Budget
Budget is the financial statement stating the estimated income and expenditure of the country in the ensuing year.
Vote of no-confidence
Vote of no-confidence is a move in the Lok Sabha expresses the lack of confidence in the Council of Ministers. If such a motion is passed then the ministry has to resign.
Quorum
Quorum refers to the minimum number of members required to present to conduct a meeting
Unicameral
Unicameral means a legislative body having a single body.
Bicameral
Bicameral means a legislative body having two chambers.
State legislature= Vidhan Sabha + Vidhan Parishad
Vidhan Sabha
Vidhan Sabha is the lower house of the State Legislature also known as the house of people because the people elect its members directly. It is also called the State Legislative Assembly.
Vidhan Parishad
Vidhan Parishad is the upper house of the State legislature and is also known as the Legislative Council.
Bill
Bill is proposed law.
Adjournment motion
Postponement; stop the proceedings for the time being
What kind of government does India have?
India has Parliamentary form of governmentboth at the center and the state.
Why is the President India a nominal head?
The President of India is the Head of State or Chief Executive is the nominal head.
· He or she carries out his functions on the advice of the Prime Minister and his or her Council of Ministers.
· Under normal circumstances the President does not have power to act independently.
The Prime Minister is the real head of the nation. Why?
The Prime Minister is the Head of Government in India or the real Chief Executive.
· He is the most important and powerful political leader in India because the power to govern the country is in his hands.
What are the three features of Parliamentary form of government?
The three features of Parliamentary form of Government are:
1. The Executive [Council of Ministers] and the Legislature [the law making body] have a very close relationship
2. The Parliament the supreme authority in India
3. The Parliamentary form of government is also introduced in states
In the Parliamentary form of government the Executive and the Legislature have a very close relationship. Explain.
· In the Parliamentary form of government the General Elections are held.
· The elected representatives form the Lok Sabha
· The Executive [Council of Ministers] is formed from the elected members of the Lok Sabha
· The Executive therefore is a part of the Legislature and thus has a very close relationship with the legislature.
Why is the Parliament the supreme authority?
The Parliament is the supreme authority in India because
· All policies and programme of the Council of Ministers have to be approved by the majority of the members of the Parliament.
· As the final authority to accept or reject decisions taken by the Executive is in the hands of Parliament it is the supreme authority in India.
Name the three branches of democratic government in India.
According to the Constitution of India, the democratic government the functions of the government are divided into three branches with separate functions and powers.
· LEGISLATURE legislates makes law for the country
· EXECUTIVE enforces puts laws into effect
· JUDICIARY defines and interprets the laws, administers justice
Why is India divided into states?
· As India is a vast country one central government cannot cater to the specific needs of people living in different parts of the country.
· Therefore India is divided into units called states.
· Each state has a state government and the processes of the government are shared by the Central and State Governments.
Name the three lists for subjects of legislation.
The constitution of India provides three lists which divide the subjects for legislation between centre and the state.
· UNION LIST
Ø Matters of national importance- defense, foreign affairs, finance
Ø Only Union government has the power to laws on these subjects
· STATE LIST
Ø Matters of State importance as law and order, public health, sanitation state transport
Ø Only State government has the power to laws on these subjects
· CONCURRENT LIST
Ø Matters of labour, education
Ø Both the center and the states
What is the Parliament?
The Parliament is the law making body of the central government. It is composed of two houses
1. Lok Sabha- House of People
2. Rajya Sabha -Council of States
THE LOK SABHA
What is the composition of the Lok Sabha?
Ø 530 members are directly elected by the people of India from different territorial constituencies
Ø 20 members are elected from the Union territories
Ø 2 members are nominated from the Anglo Indian community by the President
Ø 550 is the maximum strength
Ø 545 is the present strength
What are the basic qualifications for the Members of the Lok Sabha?
A member of the Lok Sabha should be:
1. A citizens of India
2. At least 25 years of age and above
3. A registered voter
Explain the term voting by secret ballot
Secret Ballot is a system of voting where the voter’s choice is not revealed.
· The Indian Constitution provides for election by secret ballot.
· The country is divided into electoral constituencies.
· The people of each constituency elect one candidate of their choice through the system of secret ballot
Explain the term Universal Adult Franchise
All Indian citizens 18 years or above, have the right to vote.
What is the term of Lok Sabha? Under what conditions can it be dissolved or extended?
The Lok Sabha is elected for a 5 year term
Ø DISSOLUTION The President can dissolve the Lok Sabha before its expiry of its five year term if the party in power loses the support of its majority.
Ø EXTENSION The President can extend the term of the Lok Sabha for 6 months in case of emergency.
Who is the speaker? What are his functions and duties?
The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha
He or she conducts the meetings of the Lok Sabha.
He or she maintains the discipline and supervises the work of the house.
THE RAJYA SABHA
What is the other name for Rajya Sabha?
The Rajya Sabha is called the Council of States.
What is the composition of Rajya Sabha?
The strength of the Rajya Sabha
238 + 12
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250
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· Representatives of the states and union territories
· Elected indirectly by the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies.
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· Nominated by the President
· Distinguished persons from the field of art, literature, science and social service.
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Its maximum strength can be 250 members
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Who is the chairman of the Rajya Sabha?
· The Chairman / Presiding officer of the Rajya Sabha is the Vice President of India.
· He or she is the ex- offico Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.
· Heconducts the proceedings of the Rajya Sabha.
What are the qualifications required to be a member of Rajya Sabha?
In order to be a member of the Rajya Sabha a person should be:
· A citizen of India
· At least 30 years of age and above
· A registered voter
What is the term of the Rajya Sabha?
The Rajya Sabha is a permanent house. It cannot be dissolved by the President.
· Each member is elected for a period of 6 years.
· One third of its members retire after every two years.
· Members can be re-elected
What are the law making functions of the Parliament?
The Law making functions of the Parliament comprise of:
· Framing of new laws or modifying the existing ones on any subject in the Union or Concurrent list
· Approving the money to be raised or spent by the Lok Sabha
· Passing of laws on subjects under the State List in some cases
· Initiating a bill to amend the Constitution
Define Budget.
The Budget is an estimate of the annual income and expenditure of the government of India.
What are the Budget related functions of the Parliament?
The Budget is an estimate of the annual income and expenditure of the government of India.
· The Parliament passes the budget of the Union Government, which is presented by the Finance minister in the Lok Sabha, in the last week of February every year.
· TheUnion Parliament is the sole custodian of the national treasury.
· TheParliament has the power to suggest a cut in the budget.
· TheLok Sabha has the power to reject the Budget altogether.
What is Vote of No Confidence?
Vote of No-Confidence is a move in the Lok Sabha to express the lack of confidence in the Council of Ministers. If such a motion is passed the Ministry has to resign.
What control does the Parliament have over the Executive?
· THE Parliament exercises control over the government i.e. Council of ministers, which is directly responsible to the Parliament for its policies and actions.
· The Ministry has to resign immediately if a vote of no confidence is passed against it. [It is a move in the Lok Sabha to express the lack of confidence in the Council of Ministers. If such a motion is passed the Ministry has to resign.]
· The Members of Parliament can discuss government policies and put questions to ministers. Hence they can keep a check on the working of the government.
· The Parliament can move an adjournment motion to discuss any matter requiring urgent attention of the government.
What are the judicial functions of the Parliament?
The Parliament can impeach or remove the President, Vice president, a judge of the Supreme or High Court if any of them violates the Constitution or misuses their authority.
What are the elective functions of the Parliament?
The Parliament plays an important role in the election of the President and the Vice President.
Explain the term Quorum.
· Quorum refers to the minimum number of members required to be present to conduct a meeting.
· At least 10% of the total members have to be present for a session to take place.
What is one important condition for a Parliamentary session to take place?
· Quorum is the necessary for a session to take place.
· Quorum refers to the minimum number of members required to be present to conduct a meeting.
· At least 10% of the total members have to be present for a session to take place.
How many times does the Parliament meet in a year? Who addresses the first session?
· The Parliament meets twice a year.
· The President addresses both Houses of the Parliament jointly at the beginning of each session.
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